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  Submarine: A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship

  Tom Clancy

  John Gresham

  Only the author of The Hunt for Red October could capture the reality of life aboard a nuclear submarine. Only a writer of Clancy’s magnitude could obtain security clearance for information, diagrams, and photographs never before available to the public. Now, every civilian can enter this top secret world and experience the drama and excitement of this stunning technological achievement… the weapons, the procedures, the people themselves… the startling facts behind the fiction that made Tom Clancy a #1 bestseller.

  A rare glimpse inside a Los Angeles-class (SSN-688) nuclear submarine… with Tom Clancy as your guide.

  Submarine includes:

  Exclusive photographs, illustrations, and diagrams Mock war scenarios and weapons launch procedures An inside look at life on board, from captain to crew, from training exercises to operations The fascinating history and evolution of submarines.

  Also includes material on Seawolf- and Virginia-class submarines.

  PLUS: Tom Clancy’s controversial views on submariner tactics and training methods.

  Tom Clancy, John Gresham

  Submarine: A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship

  This book is dedicated to the families, friends, and loved ones of submariners, who return that love, as well as their love of God and country, by going down into the sea in steel boats.

  Acknowledgments

  There is a popular quote that says "Failure is an orphan… but success has many fathers." If this book and the series that it starts turn out to be a success, it will be due to the vision and support of a great many people throughout the defense and publishing communities. First there is the team that helped me put it together. In the fall of 1987, I was introduced to a defense systems analyst named John D. Gresham. Over the years, we have had many lively discussions, and while we may not always agree, the disagreements always were thoughtful and insightful. Thus, I was pleased when John agreed to work with me as a researcher and consultant on this project. Backing up John and me was Martin H. Greenberg, the series editor. Marty's support in conceiving this book and the series, as well as his guidance of the entire project, have been vital. Laura Alpher, the series illustrator, created the wonderful drawings that reside in these pages. Thanks also go to Lieutenant Commander Christopher Carlson, USNR, Brian Hewitt, Cindi Woodrum, Diana Patin, and Rosalind Greenberg for their tireless work in all the things that make this book what it is.

  When we started this book, popular opinion around the Pentagon was that it could not be done. If any one person changed that, it was Vice Admiral Roger Bacon, USN (Ret.). As OP-02, he was instrumental in opening up the submarine community to the press and the public for the first time since nuclear subs started operating. Our special thanks go to him. In addition, Rear Admiral Thomas Ryan, USN (N-87), as well as Rear Admirals Fred Gustavson, USN, and Raymond Jones, USN, all provided high-level support. Lieutenants Jeff Durand and Nick Connally did yeoman work and tolerated dozens of ill-timed phone calls. In the Office of Navy Information, Lieutenants Don Thomas and Bob Ross just kept finding ways to make it happen. Special thanks to Russ Egnor, Pat Toombs, Chief Petty Officer Jay David-son, and the staff of the Navy Still Photo Branch for all their tolerance and support.

  Up at Groton, Connecticut, we want to thank Lieutenant Commander Ruth Noonan, USN, of the SUBGRU-2 public affairs office for her guidance during our visit. All around the base at Groton, the operators of the various trainers are to be thanked for allowing us to take part in a number of training exercises. Thanks also should go to the personnel and students of the submarine school. Also at Groton, we wish to thank Commander Larry Davis, USN, and the crew of the USS Groton, who opened their boat up to us, despite its being torn open for modifications and weapons loading. And to Commander Houston K. Jones, USN, and his crew on USS Miami, we pay the compliment of calling you "razors." From one side of the Atlantic to the other, those you have faced in exercises have only one thing to say: "Who were those guys?" Thanks also to the crews of USS Greenling and USS Gato for sharing their valuable training periods with us.

  One of the great pleasures of doing this book was the opportunity to rekindle our friendship with the fine folks of Her Majesty's Navy. Rear Admiral Paul Fere, RN, and Commodore Roger Lane-Nott, RN, are to be thanked for their sponsorship of our project. Here in America, our way was paved by Rear Admiral Hoddinott, RN, Commander Nick Harris, RN, and Leading WRENs Tracey Barber and Sarah Clarke. At the Ministry of Defence, Commanders Ian Hewitt, RN, and Duncan Fergeson, RN, helped get us to the many places we visited. Mr. Ambrose Moore of the fleet public relations office in Northwood is to be thanked for his services as tour guide to bases in the U.K. We would also like to extend our thanks to the crew of HMS Repulse, who allowed us a brief visit into the world of the SSBN force. And finally, our warmest thanks go to Commander David Vaughan, RN, and the crew of HMS Triumph for their courtesy and friendship over several visits. Her Majesty can be proud of David and his men, for they have the same stout hearts as Drake, Nelson, and Vian.

  Up in New York, our thanks to Robert Gottlieb and the staff at William Morris. And at Berkley Books, we owe a special debt to our editor, John Talbot. Thanks also to Roger Cooper for his patience and support of our work. Our personal thanks go to old friends Captains Doug LittleJohns, RN, and James Perowne, RN. Thanks also to Ron Thunman, Joe Metcalf, and Carlisle Trost for sharing their wisdom and experiences. And to Ned Beach, who taught us all to "run silent… and run deep." And lastly, our love to our families and friends, who tolerate our time away from them, so that we might tell our stories to the world.

  Foreword

  The transformation of Tom Clancy's wonderful fictional account of submarining in The Hunt for Red October to the reality of actual modern nuclear submarine capabilities and operations is long overdue. Now he brings a unique account of the nuclear-powered submarine, a vital component of naval power, to the public for the first time. This book explains the world of undersea warfare, from how people live within a steel tube for months at a time, to the many arrows a submarine puts in the quiver of national military power.

  Twice in this century submarine warfare has threatened the existence of major powers. Submarines have always been a flexible and adaptable national asset, capable of many roles and missions. The submarines of World War I and II had some inherent stealth and could submerge to conduct attacks, but this property was limited by a lack of sustained power while under the sea's surface. The advent of nuclear propulsion made the submarine a truly stealthy platform. A so-called stealth aircraft can still be seen by the naked eye. A nuclear-powered submarine is truly invisible and not readily detectable. It is the original stealth machine and can remain undetected indefinitely. From this enduring covertness springs the awesome power of the modern submarine. Through the advances of ballistic and cruise missile technology the strategic nuclear deterrence mission and land attack capability have become an integral part of this military power. For decades the principal mission of a submarine has been to sink ships and submarines. Today, the nuclear-powered submarine's ability to affect events on land is one of its dominant features.

  With Tom Clancy as our tour guide, let us view the submarine's history, its missions, the people and their families, the training, the boat itself with all its compartments and systems, and consider what these can do. If you spend years on the bridge of a submarine, as I have, you will notice how the dolphins that "ride" the crest of the exhilaratingly beautiful bow wave along the tear-shaped submarine hull do so at different positions for di
fferent classes or shapes of submarines. Why? I have always wondered. This tour you are about to take will come close to answering such questions, which are inherent to the mystique of a submarine.

  I may not agree with all of the points present herein, but I do believe that upon completion of your tour you will understand why the submarine is the only naval platform that combines stealth, surprise, survivability, mobility, and endurance in a single unit. The employment of these characteristics provides a nation with a formidable maritime power, which should be understood by the public.

  — Vice Admiral Roger Bacon, USN

  Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Undersea Warfare

  January 1993

  Introduction

  Submarine. The very word implies stealth and deadliness. Of all the conventional weapons used by the world's armed forces these days, none is more effective or dangerous than the nuclear attack submarine (SSN). Since its creation in the United States some forty years ago, the SSN has become the most feared weapon in the oceans of the world. The modern SSN is a stealth platform with 70 percent of the world's surface under which to hide, its endurance determined not by fuel but by the amount of food that may be crammed into the hull, and its operational limitations determined more by the skill of the commander and crew than by external factors.

  Understanding the capabilities of the modern nuclear-powered attack submarine requires a certain sophistication on the part of both a potential adversary and a visitor. Visually, a submarine is the least impressive of physical artifacts. Its hull does not bristle with weapons and sensors as do surface warships, and for one to see its imposing bulk, it must be in drydock. On those rare moments when a submarine is visible, this most lethal of ships appears no more threatening than a huge sea turtle. Yet despite that, the true capabilities of the modern SSN are most easily understood in terms of myth or the modern equivalent, a science fiction movie. Here is a creature that, like Ridley Scott's "Alien," appears when it wishes, destroys what it wishes, and disappears immediately to strike again when it wishes. Defense against such a threat requires constant vigilance, and even then, this will be ineffective much of the time. Thus the real impact of the nuclear submarine is as much psychological as physical.

  In April 1982, the Monday after Argentina's seizure of the Falkland Islands, I happened to have lunch with a submarine officer and so got my first hint of what an SSN could do. The Royal Navy, my friend told me, would very soon declare that one of its boats was in the area of the disputed rocks. No one would be able to dispute the claim, which, my friend went on, would probably be false. "But the only way you know for sure that a sub is out there is when ships start disappearing, and that's an expensive way to find out." This is precisely what happened, of course. The mere possibility that the Royal Navy had one or more of its superbly commanded SSNs in the area immediately forced Argentina to reevaluate its position, and the Argentinean Navy, a lead player in the decision to seize the islands, was soon rendered impotent by its inability to confirm, deny, or deal with the mere possibility that an SSN might be lurking in the area.

  As a practical matter, the Falkland Islands War was determined at that point. Ownership of any island is determined by control of the seas around it, and Argentina could not control the sea. The Royal Navy's SSNs prevented that, the first step in the RN's campaign to establish its own sea-control posture, making a successful invasion possible. The sinking of the cruiser General Belgrano was the unnecessary confirmation of what should have been obvious. While the nuclear-powered attack submarine may not be the most useful warship in the world since it cannot perform every traditional navy mission, it can deny an adversary the ability to execute any mission at sea.

  "Here be monsters," the charts of ancient mariners used to say. They weren't right then, but current charts, especially those on surface warships, might profitably be marked to show that outside the thirty-fathom curve, yes, there be monsters. Nuclear-powered monsters.

  The Silent Service

  Early History

  When tracing the roots of the modern submarine, one is usually faced with a number of different places to start. Legend has it that Alexander the Great descended into the ocean in 332 B.C. near the city of Tyre, in a primitive diving bell. The great mind of Leonardo da Vinci is said to have created a primitive submersible boat of wooden frame design covered in goatskins, with oars providing propulsion through waterproof sweeps. A British contribution to early submarine concepts came in the late 1500s from William Bourne, a carpenter and gunmaker. It included the concept of double hull construction, as well as ballast and trim systems. The first concept for a military submarine came from a Dutch physicist, Cornelius van Drebbel. In addition to actually building and demonstrating a primitive submersible, he proposed a design specifically created to destroy other ships.

  It was the United States (albeit still colonies in rebellion) that created the first workable military submarine design. In 1776, a Yale University student named David Bushnell designed the appropriately named Turtle. The Turtle was an egg-shaped submersible boat that had the ability to sneak up on a ship, submerge under the intended victim, bore a drill bit with a waterproof time bomb attached into the bottom of the hull, and escape before the bomb was detonated by a clockwork fuse. It was propelled by a hand-cranked screw, and had room for one overworked crewman.

  On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee of the Continental Army took the Turtle to attack HMS Eagle of the British squadron blockading Boston. But when he maneuvered underneath, he was unable to attach his bomb. During his escape, he was followed by British soldiers in a rowboat. Frantic, he released the bomb, which 2 exploded literally in the faces of his pursuers. Though all parties escaped unhurt, it was a promising start to the modern military submarine.

  This early submarine, the Turtle, was used in 1776 by the Continental Army to attack the HMS Eagle of the British blockade squadron outside of Boston. JACK RYAN ENTERPRISES, LTD.

  A more substantive advance was the Nautilus, designed by the American Robert Fulton, who would go on to design the first steam-boat. The Nautilus was a distinct improvement over the Turtle in that it cruised under the intended victim, towing the explosive bomb or torpedo, as it was then called, until the bomb contacted the target and detonated with a contact fuse. The design was an exceptional success, destroying a number of target vessels in test runs. The French, who were sufficiently impressed to award Fulton a contract, actually considered for a time using it in the planned invasion of Britain. By 1804 Fulton was demonstrating the boat to the British, who despised the idea for its underhanded nature and, more importantly, its potential to sweep British ships from coastal zones. In the end, Fulton returned to America to begin work on his steamboats.

  The CSS Hunley, the first submarine to sink an enemy warship, the USS Housatonic, in 1864. JACK RYAN ENTERPRISES, LTD.

  It remained for the Americans to create a submarine that would actually sink an enemy vessel in wartime. In 1863 a submersible boat was designed by Confederate army officer Horace Hunley. His boat, the CSS H. L. Hunley, was propelled by eight men turning a hand-cranked propeller. For armament, an explosive mine or torpedo was secured to a long spar protruding out in front of the Hunley. The idea was for the Hunley to ram the spar torpedo into the side of a target ship, where it would be detonated.

  Unfortunately the Hunley was difficult to handle, and several crews, along with her designer, were killed during test dives. Nevertheless on October 17, 1864, the Hunley attacked the Union steam corvette Housatonic in the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina. In the ensuing attack the Hunley sank the Housatonic, although she herself was also sunk. A submarine had finally drawn blood in combat.

  Over the next four decades a number of different submarine designs evolved in various European countries. In the 1880s a really practical design was built in America by an Irish immigrant, John Holland. Originally backed by the Fenian Society (an early North American free Ireland society), it was designed to allo
w Irish separatists to attack units of the British fleet. In 1900 Holland won a submarine design competition held by the U.S. Navy. From this contract came the USS Holland (SS-1), the first practical combat submarine. The Holland included such innovative features as self-propelled torpedoes fired from a reloadable tube, a battery-powered electric motor for submerged operations, and an advanced hull shape to allow it to move efficiently through the seas. The design was so successful that the U.S. Navy eventually bought a total of seven Holland-designed boats. Ironically, the British even bought some of the Holland boats for the Royal Navy. Holland's company, the Electric Boat Company, continues to build submarines as part of General Dynamics Corporation.

  German submarine U-58 alongside USS Fanning (DD-37) to have her crew removed after being forced to surface November 17, 1917. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO

  World War I

  The period before World War I saw a number of innovations in military submarines. This included the development of diesel engines, improved periscopes and torpedoes, and the development of wireless technology, which allowed them to be directed from shore bases. Within a month of the outbreak of World War I, the German Unterseeboot fleet, or U-boats as they came to be called, were sinking British naval units in the North Sea. In one well-known incident the elderly U-9 sank three British armored cruisers, causing over 1,400 casualties. Throughout the war, both the Allies and the Central Powers took a toll of each other's warships, especially in the Gallipoli Campaign in the Dardanelles.